The Great Fire of London in 1666 was a devastating event that changed the face of the city forever. Despite the widespread destruction, some historic landmarks miraculously survived the flames. These structures now serve as a bridge to the past, representing resilience and continuity amidst catastrophe.
Among those that withstood the inferno is the Tower of London, a historic fortress withstanding numerous trials over centuries. Also, the iconic St. Paul’s Cathedral wasn’t so fortunate, but its crypt survived and was later incorporated into the rebuilding efforts.
The fire’s survival stories extend to lesser-known sites such as the Guildhall. Built in the 15th century, it managed to escape significant damage and continues to function as a ceremonial building. These landmarks, bearing the scars of history, continue to stand as symbols of the city’s endurance.
Historical Context of the Great Fire of London
The Great Fire of London, a devastating event in 1666, reshaped the city’s landscape and history. It began in a bakery and swiftly spread, consuming much of London over several days.
Outbreak and Spread of the Fire
The fire started on 2 September 1666 in Thomas Farriner’s bakery on Pudding Lane. The buildings, primarily constructed of timber, contributed to the rapid spread. A strong wind from the east fanned the flames, pushing the fire westward.
Narrow streets and closely-packed wooden houses fuelled the blaze. The heat was so intense that it created its own wind system. The fire tore through the city, destroying over 13,000 homes and 87 churches. Vital locations like St. Paul’s Cathedral were consumed by the inferno. By 5 September, the flames had burned out, leaving a hollow shell of the once bustling city.
Efforts to Contain the Blaze
Initial attempts to extinguish the fire using buckets of water proved futile. The Lord Mayor of London, Sir Thomas Bloodworth, underestimated the severity of the situation. It wasn’t until King Charles II intervened that effective measures began.
Firebreaks, where buildings were deliberately demolished to stop the fire’s spread, were ordered. The use of gunpowder to create these firebreaks eventually helped to contain the flames. Despite these efforts, the fire raged for three days, highlighting the need for better urban planning and firefighting techniques in the future.
Landmarks That Survived
Several historic landmarks withstood the devastation of the Great Fire of London, remaining as noteworthy symbols of resilience and history.
The Tower of London
The Tower of London, a fortress on the north bank of the River Thames, survived the fire largely due to its stone construction and strategic location. The moat and walls provided a crucial barrier that helped shield it from the flames. Constructed by William the Conqueror in 1078, it has served as a royal palace, prison, and armoury.
During the fire, residents sought refuge within its robust walls. Although some buildings within the outer ward were affected, the main structure remained intact. The Tower continues to stand as a testament to London’s medieval past and royal history.
All Hallows by the Tower
All Hallows by the Tower, the oldest church in the City of London, also escaped major damage. Established in 675 AD by the Anglo-Saxon Abbey at Barking, its proximity to the Tower of London helped safeguard it. The church’s thick walls and elevated position played a significant role in its survival.
Inside, there are ancient relics that date back to Roman times, underscoring its long history. The lower sections of the church are among the oldest surviving parts, preserving invaluable artefacts and architectural features from different eras.
St. Paul’s Cathedral
Although the original St. Paul’s Cathedral was largely destroyed, the crypt beneath survived. Designed by Sir Christopher Wren, the surviving crypt has been incorporated into the new St. Paul’s Cathedral. It houses a number of significant tombs and monuments, offering a glimpse into the church’s rich history.
The crypt’s robust construction helped it withstand the blaze, providing a foundation for Wren’s iconic redesign. Today, visitors can explore this historic space under the magnificent dome of the modern cathedral, reflecting both continuity and change.
Guildhall
The Guildhall, the ceremonial and administrative centre of the City of London, also survived the Great Fire. Despite damage to the roof and interior, the main stone structure remained standing. Built in the early 15th century, it has been the site of numerous significant events, including trials and banquets.
In the aftermath of the fire, the Guildhall played a central role in the city’s recovery and rebuilding efforts. Its survival symbolised the resilience and continuity of London’s governance and civic life. Today, it continues to serve as an important venue for municipal functions and public ceremonies.
